U1- Understanding of Basic Cellular structure and development
Q1.Basic explanation of what a cell is,including description of the Cell Theory:
Cells are commonly known as the "building block" for all living things,in other words all living things or composed of one or more cells eg the human body has around a trillion cells!! Organisms that are made up of more then one cell are called multi-cellular,if they consist of only one cell they are uni-cellular.Cells contain certain structures inside them that specialise in maintaining certain jobs and functions,these structures are called organelles.Organelles are basically workers for the cell,they each have a specific job that they do.Some common features for all cells are:DNA(this contains genetic information and instructions for building the cell),Plasma membrane(this monitored what entered and exited the cell and separated the inside of the cell to the outer environment),Cytoplasm (a clear gel like liquid that contained organelles) and ribosmes (ribosmes make proteins for the cell).There is also two kinds of cells,which I'll explain further down.
To describe the basic properties of a cell,we use the cell theory,which is a theory that basically just states the properties of cells.Indeed the cell theory is:
Down below is a table showing the major differences that seperate the two types of cells:
Cells are commonly known as the "building block" for all living things,in other words all living things or composed of one or more cells eg the human body has around a trillion cells!! Organisms that are made up of more then one cell are called multi-cellular,if they consist of only one cell they are uni-cellular.Cells contain certain structures inside them that specialise in maintaining certain jobs and functions,these structures are called organelles.Organelles are basically workers for the cell,they each have a specific job that they do.Some common features for all cells are:DNA(this contains genetic information and instructions for building the cell),Plasma membrane(this monitored what entered and exited the cell and separated the inside of the cell to the outer environment),Cytoplasm (a clear gel like liquid that contained organelles) and ribosmes (ribosmes make proteins for the cell).There is also two kinds of cells,which I'll explain further down.
To describe the basic properties of a cell,we use the cell theory,which is a theory that basically just states the properties of cells.Indeed the cell theory is:
- All living organisms are composed of cells,They may be unicellular or multicellular.
- The cell is the basic unit of life.
- Cells come from pre-existing cells.
Down below is a table showing the major differences that seperate the two types of cells:
Q2.Description of Animal,Plant and Fungal cells:
This picture here on the left is of a plant cell,as you can see all the organelles have been labelled.To start of plant cells are eukaryotic cells as are animals cells.Plant cells have a rectangular appearance because of the cell wall which is rigid and forces it to have some what defined corners.The three main organelles which seperate plant cells from animal cells is the large vacual that they occupy,their chloroplast and the cell wall of course. The following photo here on the left is of an animal cell.Animal cells have no cell wall which means they don't have defined corners.Animal cells do have vacuals but they are much smaller and serve for a different purpose.Choloplast isn't needed for animals as they don't create their food through photosynthesis.They are also eukaryotic cells. The last photo here on the left is of a fungal cell.Fungal cells are different to paint and animal cells as they break up dead matter and eat it.Fungi are microorganisms characterized by a substance in their cell wall called chitin,they are also eukaryotic cells and have a complex cellular organisation.They can be both unicellular and multicellular depending on the environments conditions.Unlike plant cells,fungal cells don't have chloroplast or chlorophyll. |
Glossary:
- Cell wall-The cell wall is a rigid,tough & flexible layer of the surface of plant cells and fungal cells.The cell wall is prodomely made of glucose and chloroplast and lies above the cell membrane.The cell wall provides protection for the cell and the support that in this case plants need to remain upright.
- Cell membrane-this monitors what enters and exits the cell and separates the inside of the cell to the outer environment.
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum-The SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) is an organelle found in both animal and plant cells.The main function of the SER is produce hormones and lipids (fats) that our organism needs to function.We use the word "smooth" to distinguish it from the RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum).
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum-The reason we call this organelle "rough" is because it have ribosomes stuck all over its surface giving it a rough texture and appearance.This particular organelle produces proteins and is found in both animal and plant cells.
- Nucleus-The nucleus is the most important organelle is the whole cell!! Without it our cells wouldn't have the ability to function,therefor either would our body.The nucleus is the control centre of the entire cell.It contains DNA,hereditary I formations and controls growth and reproduction.
- Mitochondria-mitochondria is the power house of the cell,it converts sugar or glucose into ATP (a energy store for cells)Mitochondria is found in both animal and plant cells.
- Cytoplasm-cytoplasm is a clear gel like liquid that is kept together by the cell membrane.Inside this gel like liquid you will find different organelles.This is find in both animal and plant cells.This liquid is made out of cytosol.
- Ribosomes-ribosomes make proteins in the cell
- Golgi body-The Golgi body,also known as the Golgi complex packages proteins for export out of the cell.
- Lysosomes-lysosomes are bags of acidic enzymes,a very deadly substance.They brake down materials and get rid of certain things that aren't needed.
- Chloroplast-chloroplast contains chlorophyll which is used in photosynthesis.ait converts Co2 & H2o into sugar.
- Vacuole-the vacual is found in both animal and plant cells.This is most important for plant cells becuase it stores water and other minerals for plants to keep it upright and alive.
- Heterotrophic-is an organism that cannot synthesize it's own food so it relies on organic substances for nutrition for example us humans are heterotrophic
- Autotrophic-an organism capable of creating its own food and energy such as plants through photosynthesis.
- Chitin-a substance found on exoskeleton of inspect and in cell walls of fungis,this creates a harder and stronger cell wall.
- Cytoskeleton-the cytoskeleton in like the scaffolding of a cell,it helps with the support,movement and shape of the cell.
U2. Understanding of organisms that cause diseases:
Q1.Define the term pathogen:
An agent that can create diseases or illnesses to its "host".Pathogens are what you might call bacteria,viruses,fungi and Protozoa.Keep in mind that not all of these pathogens are pathogenic.
An agent that can create diseases or illnesses to its "host".Pathogens are what you might call bacteria,viruses,fungi and Protozoa.Keep in mind that not all of these pathogens are pathogenic.
2.Explain in detail the following types of common pathogens, how they cause disease and how or if they can be cured- ensure that your description is detailed and that associated pictures/videos are included to describe each
Transcript:
Hi guys,today we will be talking about the following types of common pathogens,how they cause diseases and how or if they can be cured.
First we will be explaining how bacteria causes disease and how it can be cured
Basically bacteria is a tiny one-celled microbe (microbes are single celled organisms, so tiny that millions can fit into the eye of a needle.They are the oldest form of life on earth)Bacteria are in or on basically everything whether the object is alive or not.These cells are part of the prokaryotic family, meaning that they don't exactly have an organised nucleus, their purpose is to replicate. bacteria can either be both beneficial or responsible for infections and diseases, these infections occur when bacteria multiply inside the body.
There are many different ways in which a person will come in contact with bacteria, although these are the most common ways:
The body must get into direct contact with the person who carries the bacteria eg the common example of this is meningitis.
Open wounds eg when you're having surgery the process must remain clean because it's easy for bacteria to enter the body through the open wound.Bacteria is so small that it can enter your body even through your pores!!
Dust and liquid droplets in the air eg tuberculosis can be contracted when a person comes in contact with a person's cough,so basically when someone coughs and droplets go on you and you come on contact with their sputum.
Open Punctual wound eg malaria which can be contracted through mosquito bites that contain the malaria virus.
The last most common one is when you consume contaminated food or water.In fact many infectious are caused by this such as salmonella and cholera.
Bacterial infections are most commonly treated with a special antibiotic which only kills the bacterium that causes the disease but otherwise the body automatically sends cells from the immune system to attack and destroy the bacteria.
The next pathogen we will discuss is the virus
Viruses come in various different shapes and are much smaller than human cells.They are present wherever there are cells to infect. When a virus enters your body it tries to attack a cell. If our immune system recognises the virus as an intruder, it will be destroyed before the virus can gain entry to a cell. If not, the process of infection begins.
Once inside the cell, the virus can take over the cell's own replication machinery, which starts to make many copies of the virus. These viruses burst out of the cell, destroying it, and will attempt to infect many more cells unless tackled by the immune system. The infection can also start to spread to other people.Viruses are transmitted from person to person basically the same way bacteria do.You can eat them if they are in a certain type of food or live in the animal or plant you are eating. You can get them from the water, either swimming in it or drinking it. You can breathe them in from the air and they enter your lungs.
Antibiotics have no effect on viral infections such as colds or flu, it's important that we limit antibiotic use only to bacterial infections that won't get better on their own.You have to get over it yourself, antibiotics do not assist.Although to help stop viruses you can get immunisation needles.
Next we will explain how fungi cause diseases and if it can be cured.
We come in contact with fungi in our daily life,there are approximately 1.5 million different species of fungi on Earth, but only about 300 of those are known to make people sick. Serious fungal infections are generally encountered in compromised hosts (people with AIDS or cancer). Nevertheless, fungi are still able to cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. So, what kind of fungi can be human pathogens? Fortunately, for most of us, this is not a problem and the probability of contracting a serious fungal disease is low to bacterial or viral diseases.
Fungal diseases are often caused by fungi that are common in the environment. Fungi live outdoors in soil and on plants and trees as well as on many indoor surfaces and on human skin.fungi are microorganisms characterized by a substance in their cell wall called chitin they are also eukaryotic cells and have a complex cellular organization.Fungal infections often affect the lungs, skin, or nails.Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that can be picked up by direct contact or even inhaled.
Some common fungal infections include:
-athletes foot
-Jock itch
-Ringworm
-Onychomycosis
-Candidiasis Albicans
-Opportunistic Organisms
Fungal infections can be treated in many different ways,depending on where the infection is located and how sever it is the drugs vary.
For superficial skin infections, you may use an antifungal cream, drops, or ointment.
For more serious infections, you may be advise to take tablets or injections
Some doctors recommend alternative therapies such as consuming garlic,boost your intake of vitamin C and essential fatty acids and to lower your intake of sugar.
But humans do have protections against fungi. For one, almost every part of the human body has non-disease causing bacteria that protect us from fungal infections. Secondly, even if fungi do manage to colonize the skin, the body’s immune system can often fight them off.
Now we will be talking about Protista.
Protists are unicellular organisms that are not animals, fungi or plants. Instead, they are a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms.
Most protist diseases in humans are caused by animal-like protists, or protozoa . Protozoa make us sick when they become human parasites, They can cause many serious illnesses that can become life threatening if they are not treated properly, but don't worry because most of these illnesses can be treated.These parasitic protists are carried by "vectors,"(Vector - an organism that can carry a parasite, and is responsible for infecting other organisms with that parasite. Vectors themselves are not harmful, but in the battle against human disease, controlling the vector can control the transmission of parasites). Their natural function of these organisms is to serve as primary producers in ecosystems, especially in oceans. On the other hand, they also cause certain diseases in humans. Some common diseases caused by protists are: malaria and African sleeping sickness. Plasmodium protozoa cause malaria . The parasites are spread by a mosquito vector. Parasites enter a host’s blood through the bite of an infected mosquito. The parasites infect the host’s red blood cells, causing symptoms such as fever, joint pain, anemia, fatigue and flu-like symtoms such as vomiting and headaches.These illnesses most occur in Africa, the Indian subcontinent, southeastern Asia, and Central and South America.Some of these countries are to poor to take action on preventing the disease but then again once you get infected you become weak and are unable to complete jobs.In most cases, people get a parasitic infection by bathing/swimming/drinking water that contains parasites.Eating food that has not been cooked thoroughly (raw)or by coming in contact with untreated sewage are also sources of this illness.
Although most parasites can be killed by proper medication, some cannot.There is also is also way to treat these illnesses with simply and organic food,but they aren't very powerful.Foods like gentian root, ginger, blackberries, raw cabbage, coconut oil, aloe, pineapple, pumpkin seeds, papaya and garlic can all help get rid of it.Most importantly is to help prevent it,keep clean and hygienic to simple steps.
Lastly we'll be talking about the worm pathogen
Helminth is another word for parasitic worms.Some examples of these worms are Platyhelminthes or flatworms (flukes and tapeworms) and the Nematoda or roundworms.These worms can be quite large in size,very large in fact.Flatworms,have a flat body that is covered with plasma membrane.Roundworms,have a round body that is covered with a tough cuticle.These parasites live inside the body and draw their nutrition and energy from the host whilst effecting them the same time!!If these worms are adults while in the body they have the ability to multiply in the body,this causes infections.To get this sickness you must come in contact with infected feces which can be found in contaminated food,water and soil.
These worms can live inside your intestines for YEARS and you won't even realise it.The symptoms for this sickness are:
Abdominal/stomach pain
Diarrhea
Nausea or vomiting
Gas or bloating
Dysentery
Rash or itching
Feeling tired
Weight loss
Passing a worm in your stool
There are two different types of treatments for this sickness ranging from simple things like Herbs to different nutrition and supplements.Antibiotics work but there is gentler remedies such as herb.A combination of pumpkin seed, garlic, cramp bark, capsicum and thyme help treat this sickness.
Transcript:
Hi guys,today we will be talking about the following types of common pathogens,how they cause diseases and how or if they can be cured.
First we will be explaining how bacteria causes disease and how it can be cured
Basically bacteria is a tiny one-celled microbe (microbes are single celled organisms, so tiny that millions can fit into the eye of a needle.They are the oldest form of life on earth)Bacteria are in or on basically everything whether the object is alive or not.These cells are part of the prokaryotic family, meaning that they don't exactly have an organised nucleus, their purpose is to replicate. bacteria can either be both beneficial or responsible for infections and diseases, these infections occur when bacteria multiply inside the body.
There are many different ways in which a person will come in contact with bacteria, although these are the most common ways:
The body must get into direct contact with the person who carries the bacteria eg the common example of this is meningitis.
Open wounds eg when you're having surgery the process must remain clean because it's easy for bacteria to enter the body through the open wound.Bacteria is so small that it can enter your body even through your pores!!
Dust and liquid droplets in the air eg tuberculosis can be contracted when a person comes in contact with a person's cough,so basically when someone coughs and droplets go on you and you come on contact with their sputum.
Open Punctual wound eg malaria which can be contracted through mosquito bites that contain the malaria virus.
The last most common one is when you consume contaminated food or water.In fact many infectious are caused by this such as salmonella and cholera.
Bacterial infections are most commonly treated with a special antibiotic which only kills the bacterium that causes the disease but otherwise the body automatically sends cells from the immune system to attack and destroy the bacteria.
The next pathogen we will discuss is the virus
Viruses come in various different shapes and are much smaller than human cells.They are present wherever there are cells to infect. When a virus enters your body it tries to attack a cell. If our immune system recognises the virus as an intruder, it will be destroyed before the virus can gain entry to a cell. If not, the process of infection begins.
Once inside the cell, the virus can take over the cell's own replication machinery, which starts to make many copies of the virus. These viruses burst out of the cell, destroying it, and will attempt to infect many more cells unless tackled by the immune system. The infection can also start to spread to other people.Viruses are transmitted from person to person basically the same way bacteria do.You can eat them if they are in a certain type of food or live in the animal or plant you are eating. You can get them from the water, either swimming in it or drinking it. You can breathe them in from the air and they enter your lungs.
Antibiotics have no effect on viral infections such as colds or flu, it's important that we limit antibiotic use only to bacterial infections that won't get better on their own.You have to get over it yourself, antibiotics do not assist.Although to help stop viruses you can get immunisation needles.
Next we will explain how fungi cause diseases and if it can be cured.
We come in contact with fungi in our daily life,there are approximately 1.5 million different species of fungi on Earth, but only about 300 of those are known to make people sick. Serious fungal infections are generally encountered in compromised hosts (people with AIDS or cancer). Nevertheless, fungi are still able to cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. So, what kind of fungi can be human pathogens? Fortunately, for most of us, this is not a problem and the probability of contracting a serious fungal disease is low to bacterial or viral diseases.
Fungal diseases are often caused by fungi that are common in the environment. Fungi live outdoors in soil and on plants and trees as well as on many indoor surfaces and on human skin.fungi are microorganisms characterized by a substance in their cell wall called chitin they are also eukaryotic cells and have a complex cellular organization.Fungal infections often affect the lungs, skin, or nails.Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that can be picked up by direct contact or even inhaled.
Some common fungal infections include:
-athletes foot
-Jock itch
-Ringworm
-Onychomycosis
-Candidiasis Albicans
-Opportunistic Organisms
Fungal infections can be treated in many different ways,depending on where the infection is located and how sever it is the drugs vary.
For superficial skin infections, you may use an antifungal cream, drops, or ointment.
For more serious infections, you may be advise to take tablets or injections
Some doctors recommend alternative therapies such as consuming garlic,boost your intake of vitamin C and essential fatty acids and to lower your intake of sugar.
But humans do have protections against fungi. For one, almost every part of the human body has non-disease causing bacteria that protect us from fungal infections. Secondly, even if fungi do manage to colonize the skin, the body’s immune system can often fight them off.
Now we will be talking about Protista.
Protists are unicellular organisms that are not animals, fungi or plants. Instead, they are a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms.
Most protist diseases in humans are caused by animal-like protists, or protozoa . Protozoa make us sick when they become human parasites, They can cause many serious illnesses that can become life threatening if they are not treated properly, but don't worry because most of these illnesses can be treated.These parasitic protists are carried by "vectors,"(Vector - an organism that can carry a parasite, and is responsible for infecting other organisms with that parasite. Vectors themselves are not harmful, but in the battle against human disease, controlling the vector can control the transmission of parasites). Their natural function of these organisms is to serve as primary producers in ecosystems, especially in oceans. On the other hand, they also cause certain diseases in humans. Some common diseases caused by protists are: malaria and African sleeping sickness. Plasmodium protozoa cause malaria . The parasites are spread by a mosquito vector. Parasites enter a host’s blood through the bite of an infected mosquito. The parasites infect the host’s red blood cells, causing symptoms such as fever, joint pain, anemia, fatigue and flu-like symtoms such as vomiting and headaches.These illnesses most occur in Africa, the Indian subcontinent, southeastern Asia, and Central and South America.Some of these countries are to poor to take action on preventing the disease but then again once you get infected you become weak and are unable to complete jobs.In most cases, people get a parasitic infection by bathing/swimming/drinking water that contains parasites.Eating food that has not been cooked thoroughly (raw)or by coming in contact with untreated sewage are also sources of this illness.
Although most parasites can be killed by proper medication, some cannot.There is also is also way to treat these illnesses with simply and organic food,but they aren't very powerful.Foods like gentian root, ginger, blackberries, raw cabbage, coconut oil, aloe, pineapple, pumpkin seeds, papaya and garlic can all help get rid of it.Most importantly is to help prevent it,keep clean and hygienic to simple steps.
Lastly we'll be talking about the worm pathogen
Helminth is another word for parasitic worms.Some examples of these worms are Platyhelminthes or flatworms (flukes and tapeworms) and the Nematoda or roundworms.These worms can be quite large in size,very large in fact.Flatworms,have a flat body that is covered with plasma membrane.Roundworms,have a round body that is covered with a tough cuticle.These parasites live inside the body and draw their nutrition and energy from the host whilst effecting them the same time!!If these worms are adults while in the body they have the ability to multiply in the body,this causes infections.To get this sickness you must come in contact with infected feces which can be found in contaminated food,water and soil.
These worms can live inside your intestines for YEARS and you won't even realise it.The symptoms for this sickness are:
Abdominal/stomach pain
Diarrhea
Nausea or vomiting
Gas or bloating
Dysentery
Rash or itching
Feeling tired
Weight loss
Passing a worm in your stool
There are two different types of treatments for this sickness ranging from simple things like Herbs to different nutrition and supplements.Antibiotics work but there is gentler remedies such as herb.A combination of pumpkin seed, garlic, cramp bark, capsicum and thyme help treat this sickness.
U3.Understanding of the specific pathogen and the disease it causes:
What exactly is cholera?well cholera is a disease caused by eating food or drinking water that is contaminated with bacterium called Vibrio Cholerae,this pathogen belongs to the Bactrium kingdom.This disease can be VERY sever if left untreated,leading onto de-hyrdation or even ending in deaths.
For the vibrio pathogen to enter the body you must drink or eat contaminated food/water that's been infected with the bacterium.Once the bacteria enters your body it releases toxins in the intestine that produce severe diarrhoea.This bacteria is usually found in places contaminated with feces from a person who carried that bacteria.Places with poor sanitation,low hygien and and contaminated water supplies are all common sources of this disease.The cholera disease although can also be found in the environment,such as rivers or even coastal waters.One case of cholera being found was in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico,where a few people from the U.S. ate some raw or undercooked shellfish.Thus they contracted the disease,so now undercooked or raw shellfish have been also added to the list of sources for this particular disease.The most common countries where this disease is found are Africa,South Asia and Latin America.
You might not expect this but raw fruits,vegetables and grains to are sources for this disease.We are exposed to these foods in our daily diets so you would think that there is a high chance of getting cholera but it all depends from where the food comes from (grows in).
Raw sewage can contaminate the fields and therefor the fruits as well.Everything is all linked together!! It's not likely that you would transmit cholera through human contact so if you in touch with the ill you want get the disease.
Here is a general list of the common sources of this disease:
You might not expect this but raw fruits,vegetables and grains to are sources for this disease.We are exposed to these foods in our daily diets so you would think that there is a high chance of getting cholera but it all depends from where the food comes from (grows in).
Raw sewage can contaminate the fields and therefor the fruits as well.Everything is all linked together!! It's not likely that you would transmit cholera through human contact so if you in touch with the ill you want get the disease.
Here is a general list of the common sources of this disease:
- Sanitation of water supplies
- Ice made from municipal water
- Foods and beverages bought from street vendors
- Raw or inadequately cooked fish and seafood taken from sewage-polluted waters
- Vegetables grown with water that contains human waste that has been infected with the bacteria.
You could have this disease for as long as five days and not know about it.The symptoms often show up either around 5 hours to 5 days after you have been infected with the disease.About 75% of the people infected with the disease won't show any symptoms but it can also be deadly as this disease has the ability to kill within hours.Statistics show that 5-10% of the people infected with the disease will get it severely.The symptoms for this disease is watery diarrhoea and vomiting.Later on your body starts to lose fluids which leads to de-hydration and shock.Symptoms of de-hydration are:
- Rapid heart beat
- Loss of skin elasticity
- Dry mucous membranes, including the inside of the moth,throat, nose, and eyelids
- Low blood pressure
- Thirst
- Muscle cramps
For this bacteria to enter your body it has to go through a small journey.Most of the bacteria ingested eg when eating contaminated food can some what survive the acid that is produced by the lining of the stomach walls.Once these bacterias go into the small intestine they produce these long tail like structures that help them move around,these are called flaggellas.When the bacteria reaches the intestinal wall,they produce frimbriae or pili (finger like projections) which help them to hold onto the interstitial wall.This is when the bacteria release the toxics which cause all the symptoms and maybe even deaths.
Fortunately,we are lucky enough to have certain treatments and ways to help prevent this disease from infecting us.There are many simple ways in which we can prevent it such as :
- Washing hands/teeths/face frequently
- Eating trusted and local brand products
- Don't drink unpasteurised milk/dairy products
- Don't eat raw meat/shellfish
- Educating communities that don't realise how important hygiene and health is.
- Drink safe water (filtered/clean)
- Try limiting raw food and start eating more cooked food.
- Stick to fruits or Vegetables that you peel yourself.
Teeating cholera is relatively easy,although you must get treatment immediately or theirs a chance of you dying.There are three main types of treatments:
- rehydration therapy-rehydration therapy is when you replace lost fluids and electrolytes using a simple method,oral rehydration salts which is used to replace lost fluids.
- antibiotic treatment-antibiotics kill the bacteria but this sort of treatment is used on patients who are in life threatening situations.
- zinc treatment- it's been send that zinc treatment is effective on children so this is also a sort of treatment.
- Keep in mind that you can rehydrate yourself just be drinking water.
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30/5/15
Cell theory - Biology - about.com
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1/6/15
Cell theory
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5/6/15
Eukaryotic cell vs Prokaryotic cell - difference and comparison
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5/6/15
Prokyrotic cell - HyperPhysics
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6/6/15
Eukaryotic cells - Biology
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6/6/15
Fungi cell structure and function - Boundless
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3/6/15
Fungal disease - fungal infection trust
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3/6/15
All about animal cells - biology - about.com
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2/6/15
Plant/animal cells- Cells alive
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5/6/15
Fungal structure
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31/5/15
Types of fungal disease | fungal | CDC
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3/6/15
Bacteria- Microbeworld
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10/6/15
Bacteria - microbiology online
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8/6/15
Biology4kids.com:microorganisms: bacteria
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7/6/15
Protista - MircobeWorld
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4/6/15
Infections - bacteria and viral | better health channel
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9/6/15
CDC - Parasites - about parasites
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2/6/15
Intestinal parasites | university of Maryland medical centre
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10/6/15
Parasite infection -symptoms ,diagnosis,treatment and information
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10/6/15
Cholera:causes,symptoms ,treatment and prevention - WebMD
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31/5/15
Cholera causes- Mayo clinic
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10/6/15
Cholera: Get facts about causes ,symptoms and treatment
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3/6/15
General information | cholera | CDC
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8/6/15
WHO | cholera
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/
28/5/15
Causes and symptoms of cholera - Minnesota dept. of health
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26/5/15
Cholera | John's Hopkins medicine health library
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6/6/15
Pathogen PowerPoint
10/6/15
My science workbook
11/5/15